FireWire

FireWire (also known as i.Link,  designation 1394) is a  and  serial bus interface standard offering high-speed communications and   data services, developed primarily by Apple Computer, completing development in 1995. It is defined in standard 1394 which is currently a composite of three documents: the original IEEE Std 1394-1995, the IEEE Std 1394a-2000 amendment, and the IEEE Std 1394b-2002 amendment. Sony's implementation of the system is known as i.Link, and uses only the four signal pins, discarding the two pins that provide power to the device in favor of a separate power connector on Sony's i.Link products.

The system is commonly used for connection of s and cameras, but is also popular in industrial systems for  and professional audio systems. It is used instead of the more common Universal Serial Bus (USB) due to its faster speed, higher power distribution capabilities, and because it does not need a computer host. It also has native support for data transport (data that must be delivered with deterministic latency, such as audio or video). However, the small royalty that Apple Inc. and other patent holders have initially demanded from users of FireWire ($0.25 per end-user system) and the more expensive hardware needed to implement it ($1-$2) has prevented FireWire from displacing USB in low-end mass-market computer peripherals where cost of product is a major constraint.

Features
It can connect together up to 63 peripherals in an acyclic network structure (as opposed to SCSI's linear structure). It allows peer-to-peer device communication, such as communication between a scanner and a printer, to take place without using system memory or the CPU. Firewire also supports multiple hosts per bus, and through software networks can be formed between Firewire-linked computers. It is designed to support plug-and-play and hot swapping. Its six-wire cable is not only more convenient than SCSI cables but can supply up to 45 s of power per port, allowing moderate-consumption devices to operate without a separate power cord. (Note that the Sony-inspired iLink usually deletes the power part of the cable/connector system and only uses a 4-pin connector.)

Types
FireWire 400 can transfer data between devices at 100, 200, or 400 data rates (actually 98.304, 196.608, or 393.216 Mbit/s, but commonly referred to as S100, S200, and S400). Cable length is limited to 4.5 s but up to 16 cables can be daisy-chained yielding a total length of 72 meters under the specification.

FireWire 800 (Apple's name for the 9-pin "S800 bilingual" version of the IEEE1394b standard) was introduced commercially by Apple in 2003, allows an increase to 786.432 with backwards compatibility to the slower rates and 6-pin connectors of FireWire 400.

The full IEEE 1394b specification supports optical connections up to 100 s in length and data rates all the way to 3.2. Standard category-5 unshielded twisted pair supports 100 s at S100, and the new p1394c technology goes all the way to S800. The original 1394 and 1394a standards used (called legacy mode) on the signal wires, while 1394b adds a data encoding scheme called  (also referred to as beta mode). With this new technology, FireWire, which was arguably already slightly faster, is now substantially faster than USB 2.0.

History
Almost all digital s began supporting FireWire since 1995. At one point, nearly all Macintosh computers produced since the iMac DV in 1999 and the PowerBook G3 "Pismo" in 2000 included built-in FireWire ports, along with Sony computers and many PCs intended for home or professional audio/video use. FireWire was also used by early iPod music player models, permitting new tracks to be uploaded in a few seconds and also for the battery to be recharged concurrently with one cable.

However, starting in 2012 the MacBook Pro line began phasing out support for FireWire 800 in favor of much faster Thunderbolt 2 ports. In 2015, the MacBook line began adopting USB-C. The following year other models began incorporating Thunderbolt 3 support into the same USB-C port. Current models with Apple M1 processors have used the same port to support USB4 since 2020.

Hot swapping warning
Although firewire can technically be hot-swapped without powering down equipment, there are reports of cameras being damaged if the pins are accidentally shorted while swapping. Also, the potential difference between a computer and a camera (see ) sometimes results in arcing (sparks) when plugging the camera in. This can in turn "fry" the sensitive firewire chip set of the camera, rendering the firewire port unusable.

To ensure maximum protection of a consumer DV camera, both the camera and computer should be powered off before connecting a firewire cable. Most commercial grade equipment is less sensitive to being hot-plugged, although care should still be taken.

Articles

 * USB 2.0 vs Firewire, benchmarks from PowerPC systems at Bare Feats (2004-05-08)
 * FireWire Port Failures in Host Computers and Peripheral Devices by James Wiebe (archived 2003-08-12)