iOS

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The version history of iOS (formerly iPhone OS) began with the release of the iPhone on June 29, 2007. iOS is the operating system that runs on Apple Inc.'s mobile devices such as the iPhone, iPod Touch, and iPad. This operating system also runs on the Apple TV, but the user interface is different.

Apple provides updates to the operating system for the iPhone, iPad and iPod Touch system through iTunes, similar to the way that other iPods are updated, and touts this as an advantage compared to other mobile phones and devices.^[1] Security patches, as well as new and improved features, are released in this fashion.^[2]

1 Overview
- 1.1 Milestones
2 Current versions
3 Version history: iPhone, iPod Touch and iPad
- 3.1 1.x: Initial release of the OS
4 Ref-family templates
- 4.1 Very simple example
- 4.2 Labels must be unique
- 4.3 Simple examples
- 4.4 More complex examples
5 Table footnotes
6 Alternative referencing style
- 6.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
7 Third party tool
8 See also
9 Ref-family templates
- 9.1 Very simple example
- 9.2 Labels must be unique
- 9.3 Simple examples
- 9.4 More complex examples
10 Table footnotes
11 Alternative referencing style
- 11.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
12 Third party tool
13 See also
14 Ref-family templates
- 14.1 Very simple example
- 14.2 Labels must be unique
- 14.3 Simple examples
- 14.4 More complex examples
15 Table footnotes
16 Alternative referencing style
- 16.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
17 Third party tool
18 See also
- 18.1 1.1.1
19 Ref-family templates
- 19.1 Very simple example
- 19.2 Labels must be unique
- 19.3 Simple examples
- 19.4 More complex examples
20 Table footnotes
21 Alternative referencing style
- 21.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
22 Third party tool
23 See also
24 Ref-family templates
- 24.1 Very simple example
- 24.2 Labels must be unique
- 24.3 Simple examples
- 24.4 More complex examples
25 Table footnotes
26 Alternative referencing style
- 26.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
27 Third party tool
28 See also
- 28.1 1.1.2
- 28.2 1.1.3
- 28.3 1.1.4
- 28.4 1.1.5
29 Ref-family templates
- 29.1 Very simple example
- 29.2 Labels must be unique
- 29.3 Simple examples
- 29.4 More complex examples
30 Table footnotes
31 Alternative referencing style
- 31.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
32 Third party tool
33 See also
- 33.1 2.x: Second major release of the OS
  - 33.1.1 2.0
34 Ref-family templates
- 34.1 Very simple example
- 34.2 Labels must be unique
- 34.3 Simple examples
- 34.4 More complex examples
35 Table footnotes
36 Alternative referencing style
- 36.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
37 Third party tool
38 See also
39 Ref-family templates
- 39.1 Very simple example
- 39.2 Labels must be unique
- 39.3 Simple examples
- 39.4 More complex examples
40 Table footnotes
41 Alternative referencing style
- 41.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
42 Third party tool
43 See also
- 43.1 2.0.1
44 Ref-family templates
- 44.1 Very simple example
- 44.2 Labels must be unique
- 44.3 Simple examples
- 44.4 More complex examples
45 Table footnotes
46 Alternative referencing style
- 46.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
47 Third party tool
48 See also
49 Ref-family templates
- 49.1 Very simple example
- 49.2 Labels must be unique
- 49.3 Simple examples
- 49.4 More complex examples
50 Table footnotes
51 Alternative referencing style
- 51.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
52 Third party tool
53 See also
- 53.1 2.0.2
54 Ref-family templates
- 54.1 Very simple example
- 54.2 Labels must be unique
- 54.3 Simple examples
- 54.4 More complex examples
55 Table footnotes
56 Alternative referencing style
- 56.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
57 Third party tool
58 See also
59 Ref-family templates
- 59.1 Very simple example
- 59.2 Labels must be unique
- 59.3 Simple examples
- 59.4 More complex examples
60 Table footnotes
61 Alternative referencing style
- 61.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
62 Third party tool
63 See also
- 63.1 2.1
64 Ref-family templates
- 64.1 Very simple example
- 64.2 Labels must be unique
- 64.3 Simple examples
- 64.4 More complex examples
65 Table footnotes
66 Alternative referencing style
- 66.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
67 Third party tool
68 See also
69 Ref-family templates
- 69.1 Very simple example
- 69.2 Labels must be unique
- 69.3 Simple examples
- 69.4 More complex examples
70 Table footnotes
71 Alternative referencing style
- 71.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
72 Third party tool
73 See also
74 Ref-family templates
- 74.1 Very simple example
- 74.2 Labels must be unique
- 74.3 Simple examples
- 74.4 More complex examples
75 Table footnotes
76 Alternative referencing style
- 76.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
77 Third party tool
78 See also
79 Ref-family templates
- 79.1 Very simple example
- 79.2 Labels must be unique
- 79.3 Simple examples
- 79.4 More complex examples
80 Table footnotes
81 Alternative referencing style
- 81.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
82 Third party tool
83 See also
84 Ref-family templates
- 84.1 Very simple example
- 84.2 Labels must be unique
- 84.3 Simple examples
- 84.4 More complex examples
85 Table footnotes
86 Alternative referencing style
- 86.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
87 Third party tool
88 See also
89 Ref-family templates
- 89.1 Very simple example
- 89.2 Labels must be unique
- 89.3 Simple examples
- 89.4 More complex examples
90 Table footnotes
91 Alternative referencing style
- 91.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
92 Third party tool
93 See also
94 Ref-family templates
- 94.1 Very simple example
- 94.2 Labels must be unique
- 94.3 Simple examples
- 94.4 More complex examples
95 Table footnotes
96 Alternative referencing style
- 96.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
97 Third party tool
98 See also
99 Ref-family templates
- 99.1 Very simple example
- 99.2 Labels must be unique
- 99.3 Simple examples
- 99.4 More complex examples
100 Table footnotes
101 Alternative referencing style
- 101.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
102 Third party tool
103 See also
104 Ref-family templates
- 104.1 Very simple example
- 104.2 Labels must be unique
- 104.3 Simple examples
- 104.4 More complex examples
105 Table footnotes
106 Alternative referencing style
- 106.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
107 Third party tool
108 See also
- 108.1 2.2
109 Ref-family templates
- 109.1 Very simple example
- 109.2 Labels must be unique
- 109.3 Simple examples
- 109.4 More complex examples
110 Table footnotes
111 Alternative referencing style
- 111.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
112 Third party tool
113 See also
114 Ref-family templates
- 114.1 Very simple example
- 114.2 Labels must be unique
- 114.3 Simple examples
- 114.4 More complex examples
115 Table footnotes
116 Alternative referencing style
- 116.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
117 Third party tool
118 See also
119 Ref-family templates
- 119.1 Very simple example
- 119.2 Labels must be unique
- 119.3 Simple examples
- 119.4 More complex examples
120 Table footnotes
121 Alternative referencing style
- 121.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
122 Third party tool
123 See also
124 Ref-family templates
- 124.1 Very simple example
- 124.2 Labels must be unique
- 124.3 Simple examples
- 124.4 More complex examples
125 Table footnotes
126 Alternative referencing style
- 126.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
127 Third party tool
128 See also
129 Ref-family templates
- 129.1 Very simple example
- 129.2 Labels must be unique
- 129.3 Simple examples
- 129.4 More complex examples
130 Table footnotes
131 Alternative referencing style
- 131.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
132 Third party tool
133 See also
134 Ref-family templates
- 134.1 Very simple example
- 134.2 Labels must be unique
- 134.3 Simple examples
- 134.4 More complex examples
135 Table footnotes
136 Alternative referencing style
- 136.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
137 Third party tool
138 See also
- 138.1 2.2.1
139 Ref-family templates
- 139.1 Very simple example
- 139.2 Labels must be unique
- 139.3 Simple examples
- 139.4 More complex examples
140 Table footnotes
141 Alternative referencing style
- 141.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
142 Third party tool
143 See also
144 Ref-family templates
- 144.1 Very simple example
- 144.2 Labels must be unique
- 144.3 Simple examples
- 144.4 More complex examples
145 Table footnotes
146 Alternative referencing style
- 146.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
147 Third party tool
148 See also
149 Ref-family templates
- 149.1 Very simple example
- 149.2 Labels must be unique
- 149.3 Simple examples
- 149.4 More complex examples
150 Table footnotes
151 Alternative referencing style
- 151.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
152 Third party tool
153 See also
154 Ref-family templates
- 154.1 Very simple example
- 154.2 Labels must be unique
- 154.3 Simple examples
- 154.4 More complex examples
155 Table footnotes
156 Alternative referencing style
- 156.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
157 Third party tool
158 See also
159 Ref-family templates
- 159.1 Very simple example
- 159.2 Labels must be unique
- 159.3 Simple examples
- 159.4 More complex examples
160 Table footnotes
161 Alternative referencing style
- 161.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
162 Third party tool
163 See also
164 Ref-family templates
- 164.1 Very simple example
- 164.2 Labels must be unique
- 164.3 Simple examples
- 164.4 More complex examples
165 Table footnotes
166 Alternative referencing style
- 166.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
167 Third party tool
168 See also
- 168.1 3.x: Third major release of the OS
  - 168.1.1 3.0
169 Ref-family templates
- 169.1 Very simple example
- 169.2 Labels must be unique
- 169.3 Simple examples
- 169.4 More complex examples
170 Table footnotes
171 Alternative referencing style
- 171.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
172 Third party tool
173 See also
174 Ref-family templates
- 174.1 Very simple example
- 174.2 Labels must be unique
- 174.3 Simple examples
- 174.4 More complex examples
175 Table footnotes
176 Alternative referencing style
- 176.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
177 Third party tool
178 See also
179 Ref-family templates
- 179.1 Very simple example
- 179.2 Labels must be unique
- 179.3 Simple examples
- 179.4 More complex examples
180 Table footnotes
181 Alternative referencing style
- 181.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
182 Third party tool
183 See also
184 Ref-family templates
- 184.1 Very simple example
- 184.2 Labels must be unique
- 184.3 Simple examples
- 184.4 More complex examples
185 Table footnotes
186 Alternative referencing style
- 186.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
187 Third party tool
188 See also
189 Ref-family templates
- 189.1 Very simple example
- 189.2 Labels must be unique
- 189.3 Simple examples
- 189.4 More complex examples
190 Table footnotes
191 Alternative referencing style
- 191.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
192 Third party tool
193 See also
194 Ref-family templates
- 194.1 Very simple example
- 194.2 Labels must be unique
- 194.3 Simple examples
- 194.4 More complex examples
195 Table footnotes
196 Alternative referencing style
- 196.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
197 Third party tool
198 See also
199 Ref-family templates
- 199.1 Very simple example
- 199.2 Labels must be unique
- 199.3 Simple examples
- 199.4 More complex examples
200 Table footnotes
201 Alternative referencing style
- 201.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
202 Third party tool
203 See also
204 Ref-family templates
- 204.1 Very simple example
- 204.2 Labels must be unique
- 204.3 Simple examples
- 204.4 More complex examples
205 Table footnotes
206 Alternative referencing style
- 206.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
207 Third party tool
208 See also
209 Ref-family templates
- 209.1 Very simple example
- 209.2 Labels must be unique
- 209.3 Simple examples
- 209.4 More complex examples
210 Table footnotes
211 Alternative referencing style
- 211.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
212 Third party tool
213 See also
214 Ref-family templates
- 214.1 Very simple example
- 214.2 Labels must be unique
- 214.3 Simple examples
- 214.4 More complex examples
215 Table footnotes
216 Alternative referencing style
- 216.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
217 Third party tool
218 See also
219 Ref-family templates
- 219.1 Very simple example
- 219.2 Labels must be unique
- 219.3 Simple examples
- 219.4 More complex examples
220 Table footnotes
221 Alternative referencing style
- 221.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
222 Third party tool
223 See also
224 Ref-family templates
- 224.1 Very simple example
- 224.2 Labels must be unique
- 224.3 Simple examples
- 224.4 More complex examples
225 Table footnotes
226 Alternative referencing style
- 226.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
227 Third party tool
228 See also
229 Ref-family templates
- 229.1 Very simple example
- 229.2 Labels must be unique
- 229.3 Simple examples
- 229.4 More complex examples
230 Table footnotes
231 Alternative referencing style
- 231.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
232 Third party tool
233 See also
234 Ref-family templates
- 234.1 Very simple example
- 234.2 Labels must be unique
- 234.3 Simple examples
- 234.4 More complex examples
235 Table footnotes
236 Alternative referencing style
- 236.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
237 Third party tool
238 See also
239 Ref-family templates
- 239.1 Very simple example
- 239.2 Labels must be unique
- 239.3 Simple examples
- 239.4 More complex examples
240 Table footnotes
241 Alternative referencing style
- 241.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
242 Third party tool
243 See also
244 Ref-family templates
- 244.1 Very simple example
- 244.2 Labels must be unique
- 244.3 Simple examples
- 244.4 More complex examples
245 Table footnotes
246 Alternative referencing style
- 246.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
247 Third party tool
248 See also
249 Ref-family templates
- 249.1 Very simple example
- 249.2 Labels must be unique
- 249.3 Simple examples
- 249.4 More complex examples
250 Table footnotes
251 Alternative referencing style
- 251.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
252 Third party tool
253 See also
254 Ref-family templates
- 254.1 Very simple example
- 254.2 Labels must be unique
- 254.3 Simple examples
- 254.4 More complex examples
255 Table footnotes
256 Alternative referencing style
- 256.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
257 Third party tool
258 See also
259 Ref-family templates
- 259.1 Very simple example
- 259.2 Labels must be unique
- 259.3 Simple examples
- 259.4 More complex examples
260 Table footnotes
261 Alternative referencing style
- 261.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
262 Third party tool
263 See also
264 Ref-family templates
- 264.1 Very simple example
- 264.2 Labels must be unique
- 264.3 Simple examples
- 264.4 More complex examples
265 Table footnotes
266 Alternative referencing style
- 266.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
267 Third party tool
268 See also
269 Ref-family templates
- 269.1 Very simple example
- 269.2 Labels must be unique
- 269.3 Simple examples
- 269.4 More complex examples
270 Table footnotes
271 Alternative referencing style
- 271.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
272 Third party tool
273 See also
274 Ref-family templates
- 274.1 Very simple example
- 274.2 Labels must be unique
- 274.3 Simple examples
- 274.4 More complex examples
275 Table footnotes
276 Alternative referencing style
- 276.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
277 Third party tool
278 See also
279 Ref-family templates
- 279.1 Very simple example
- 279.2 Labels must be unique
- 279.3 Simple examples
- 279.4 More complex examples
280 Table footnotes
281 Alternative referencing style
- 281.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
282 Third party tool
283 See also
284 Ref-family templates
- 284.1 Very simple example
- 284.2 Labels must be unique
- 284.3 Simple examples
- 284.4 More complex examples
285 Table footnotes
286 Alternative referencing style
- 286.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
287 Third party tool
288 See also
289 Ref-family templates
- 289.1 Very simple example
- 289.2 Labels must be unique
- 289.3 Simple examples
- 289.4 More complex examples
290 Table footnotes
291 Alternative referencing style
- 291.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
292 Third party tool
293 See also
- 293.1 3.0.1
294 Ref-family templates
- 294.1 Very simple example
- 294.2 Labels must be unique
- 294.3 Simple examples
- 294.4 More complex examples
295 Table footnotes
296 Alternative referencing style
- 296.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
297 Third party tool
298 See also
299 Ref-family templates
- 299.1 Very simple example
- 299.2 Labels must be unique
- 299.3 Simple examples
- 299.4 More complex examples
300 Table footnotes
301 Alternative referencing style
- 301.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
302 Third party tool
303 See also
304 Ref-family templates
- 304.1 Very simple example
- 304.2 Labels must be unique
- 304.3 Simple examples
- 304.4 More complex examples
305 Table footnotes
306 Alternative referencing style
- 306.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
307 Third party tool
308 See also
- 308.1 3.1
309 Ref-family templates
- 309.1 Very simple example
- 309.2 Labels must be unique
- 309.3 Simple examples
- 309.4 More complex examples
310 Table footnotes
311 Alternative referencing style
- 311.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
312 Third party tool
313 See also
314 Ref-family templates
- 314.1 Very simple example
- 314.2 Labels must be unique
- 314.3 Simple examples
- 314.4 More complex examples
315 Table footnotes
316 Alternative referencing style
- 316.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
317 Third party tool
318 See also
319 Ref-family templates
- 319.1 Very simple example
- 319.2 Labels must be unique
- 319.3 Simple examples
- 319.4 More complex examples
320 Table footnotes
321 Alternative referencing style
- 321.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
322 Third party tool
323 See also
324 Ref-family templates
- 324.1 Very simple example
- 324.2 Labels must be unique
- 324.3 Simple examples
- 324.4 More complex examples
325 Table footnotes
326 Alternative referencing style
- 326.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
327 Third party tool
328 See also
329 Ref-family templates
- 329.1 Very simple example
- 329.2 Labels must be unique
- 329.3 Simple examples
- 329.4 More complex examples
330 Table footnotes
331 Alternative referencing style
- 331.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
332 Third party tool
333 See also
334 Ref-family templates
- 334.1 Very simple example
- 334.2 Labels must be unique
- 334.3 Simple examples
- 334.4 More complex examples
335 Table footnotes
336 Alternative referencing style
- 336.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
337 Third party tool
338 See also
339 Ref-family templates
- 339.1 Very simple example
- 339.2 Labels must be unique
- 339.3 Simple examples
- 339.4 More complex examples
340 Table footnotes
341 Alternative referencing style
- 341.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
342 Third party tool
343 See also
344 Ref-family templates
- 344.1 Very simple example
- 344.2 Labels must be unique
- 344.3 Simple examples
- 344.4 More complex examples
345 Table footnotes
346 Alternative referencing style
- 346.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
347 Third party tool
348 See also
349 Ref-family templates
- 349.1 Very simple example
- 349.2 Labels must be unique
- 349.3 Simple examples
- 349.4 More complex examples
350 Table footnotes
351 Alternative referencing style
- 351.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
352 Third party tool
353 See also
354 Ref-family templates
- 354.1 Very simple example
- 354.2 Labels must be unique
- 354.3 Simple examples
- 354.4 More complex examples
355 Table footnotes
356 Alternative referencing style
- 356.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
357 Third party tool
358 See also
- 358.1 3.1.2
359 Ref-family templates
- 359.1 Very simple example
- 359.2 Labels must be unique
- 359.3 Simple examples
- 359.4 More complex examples
360 Table footnotes
361 Alternative referencing style
- 361.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
362 Third party tool
363 See also
364 Ref-family templates
- 364.1 Very simple example
- 364.2 Labels must be unique
- 364.3 Simple examples
- 364.4 More complex examples
365 Table footnotes
366 Alternative referencing style
- 366.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
367 Third party tool
368 See also
369 Ref-family templates
- 369.1 Very simple example
- 369.2 Labels must be unique
- 369.3 Simple examples
- 369.4 More complex examples
370 Table footnotes
371 Alternative referencing style
- 371.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
372 Third party tool
373 See also
374 Ref-family templates
- 374.1 Very simple example
- 374.2 Labels must be unique
- 374.3 Simple examples
- 374.4 More complex examples
375 Table footnotes
376 Alternative referencing style
- 376.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
377 Third party tool
378 See also
379 Ref-family templates
- 379.1 Very simple example
- 379.2 Labels must be unique
- 379.3 Simple examples
- 379.4 More complex examples
380 Table footnotes
381 Alternative referencing style
- 381.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
382 Third party tool
383 See also
384 Ref-family templates
- 384.1 Very simple example
- 384.2 Labels must be unique
- 384.3 Simple examples
- 384.4 More complex examples
385 Table footnotes
386 Alternative referencing style
- 386.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
387 Third party tool
388 See also
389 Ref-family templates
- 389.1 Very simple example
- 389.2 Labels must be unique
- 389.3 Simple examples
- 389.4 More complex examples
390 Table footnotes
391 Alternative referencing style
- 391.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
392 Third party tool
393 See also
394 Ref-family templates
- 394.1 Very simple example
- 394.2 Labels must be unique
- 394.3 Simple examples
- 394.4 More complex examples
395 Table footnotes
396 Alternative referencing style
- 396.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
397 Third party tool
398 See also
399 Ref-family templates
- 399.1 Very simple example
- 399.2 Labels must be unique
- 399.3 Simple examples
- 399.4 More complex examples
400 Table footnotes
401 Alternative referencing style
- 401.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
402 Third party tool
403 See also
- 403.1 3.1.3
404 Ref-family templates
- 404.1 Very simple example
- 404.2 Labels must be unique
- 404.3 Simple examples
- 404.4 More complex examples
405 Table footnotes
406 Alternative referencing style
- 406.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
407 Third party tool
408 See also
409 Ref-family templates
- 409.1 Very simple example
- 409.2 Labels must be unique
- 409.3 Simple examples
- 409.4 More complex examples
410 Table footnotes
411 Alternative referencing style
- 411.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
412 Third party tool
413 See also
414 Ref-family templates
- 414.1 Very simple example
- 414.2 Labels must be unique
- 414.3 Simple examples
- 414.4 More complex examples
415 Table footnotes
416 Alternative referencing style
- 416.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
417 Third party tool
418 See also
419 Ref-family templates
- 419.1 Very simple example
- 419.2 Labels must be unique
- 419.3 Simple examples
- 419.4 More complex examples
420 Table footnotes
421 Alternative referencing style
- 421.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
422 Third party tool
423 See also
424 Ref-family templates
- 424.1 Very simple example
- 424.2 Labels must be unique
- 424.3 Simple examples
- 424.4 More complex examples
425 Table footnotes
426 Alternative referencing style
- 426.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
427 Third party tool
428 See also
429 Ref-family templates
- 429.1 Very simple example
- 429.2 Labels must be unique
- 429.3 Simple examples
- 429.4 More complex examples
430 Table footnotes
431 Alternative referencing style
- 431.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
432 Third party tool
433 See also
434 Ref-family templates
- 434.1 Very simple example
- 434.2 Labels must be unique
- 434.3 Simple examples
- 434.4 More complex examples
435 Table footnotes
436 Alternative referencing style
- 436.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
437 Third party tool
438 See also
439 Ref-family templates
- 439.1 Very simple example
- 439.2 Labels must be unique
- 439.3 Simple examples
- 439.4 More complex examples
440 Table footnotes
441 Alternative referencing style
- 441.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
442 Third party tool
443 See also
444 Ref-family templates
- 444.1 Very simple example
- 444.2 Labels must be unique
- 444.3 Simple examples
- 444.4 More complex examples
445 Table footnotes
446 Alternative referencing style
- 446.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
447 Third party tool
448 See also
- 448.1 3.2
449 Ref-family templates
- 449.1 Very simple example
- 449.2 Labels must be unique
- 449.3 Simple examples
- 449.4 More complex examples
450 Table footnotes
451 Alternative referencing style
- 451.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
452 Third party tool
453 See also
454 Ref-family templates
- 454.1 Very simple example
- 454.2 Labels must be unique
- 454.3 Simple examples
- 454.4 More complex examples
455 Table footnotes
456 Alternative referencing style
- 456.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
457 Third party tool
458 See also
459 Ref-family templates
- 459.1 Very simple example
- 459.2 Labels must be unique
- 459.3 Simple examples
- 459.4 More complex examples
460 Table footnotes
461 Alternative referencing style
- 461.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
462 Third party tool
463 See also
- 463.1 3.2.1
464 Ref-family templates
- 464.1 Very simple example
- 464.2 Labels must be unique
- 464.3 Simple examples
- 464.4 More complex examples
465 Table footnotes
466 Alternative referencing style
- 466.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
467 Third party tool
468 See also
469 Ref-family templates
- 469.1 Very simple example
- 469.2 Labels must be unique
- 469.3 Simple examples
- 469.4 More complex examples
470 Table footnotes
471 Alternative referencing style
- 471.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
472 Third party tool
473 See also
474 Ref-family templates
- 474.1 Very simple example
- 474.2 Labels must be unique
- 474.3 Simple examples
- 474.4 More complex examples
475 Table footnotes
476 Alternative referencing style
- 476.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
477 Third party tool
478 See also
- 478.1 3.2.2
479 Ref-family templates
- 479.1 Very simple example
- 479.2 Labels must be unique
- 479.3 Simple examples
- 479.4 More complex examples
480 Table footnotes
481 Alternative referencing style
- 481.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
482 Third party tool
483 See also
484 Ref-family templates
- 484.1 Very simple example
- 484.2 Labels must be unique
- 484.3 Simple examples
- 484.4 More complex examples
485 Table footnotes
486 Alternative referencing style
- 486.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
487 Third party tool
488 See also
489 Ref-family templates
- 489.1 Very simple example
- 489.2 Labels must be unique
- 489.3 Simple examples
- 489.4 More complex examples
490 Table footnotes
491 Alternative referencing style
- 491.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
492 Third party tool
493 See also
- 493.1 4.x: Fourth major release of the OS
  - 493.1.1 4.0
494 Ref-family templates
- 494.1 Very simple example
- 494.2 Labels must be unique
- 494.3 Simple examples
- 494.4 More complex examples
495 Table footnotes
496 Alternative referencing style
- 496.1 Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style
497 Third party tool
498 See also
- 498.1 4.0.1
- 498.2 4.0.2
- 498.3 4.1
- 498.4 4.2
- 498.5 4.2.1
- 498.6 4.2.5
- 498.7 4.2.6
- 498.8 4.3
499 Version history: Apple TV
- 499.1 4.1
- 499.2 4.2
- 499.3 4.2.1
- 499.4 4.3
500 See also
501 References

Overview

Apple's iOS did not have an official name until the release of the iPhone software development kit (iPhone SDK) on March 6, 2008. Before then, Apple marketing literature simply stated that the iPhone runs "OS X", a reference to iOS's parent, Mac OS X.^[3] When introduced, it was named iPhone OS. It was renamed iOS on June 7, 2010, presumably since it is now designed for three devices other than the iPhone.^[4] As of 6/22/11 the current version of iOS is 4.3.3 for iPhone, iPod Touch, and iPad as well as 4.3 for the Apple TV second generation. However, the first generation iPod Touch and iPhone have iOS 3.1.3 as their latest version. The Developer Beta for version 3.0 was made available on March 17, 2009, with iOS 3.0 being released June 17, 2009.^[5]

On April 8, 2010, Apple previewed iOS 4.0 to the public, and launched a beta of the 4.0 firmware and SDK. 4.0 beta had only been available to registered developers, and the final version was released on June 21, 2010. 4.0 is reported to have over 1500 new APIs for developers, with the highly anticipated multitasking feature.^[6]

On May 30th 2011 Apple previewed iOS 5 and released a beta to developers. New features include iCloud, Notifications, iMessage, an updated Safari, Newsstand, Twitter integration, Reminders, Better camera app, photo editing, Better mail, an improved keyboard for iPad users, And the long awaited ability to use your iDevice without EVER needing to use a computer. Ios 5 is set to ship to all users this fall.

Apple concurrently provides the same version of the iOS for the iPod Touch. iPhone users receive all software updates for free, while iPod Touch users were charged for the 2.0 and 3.0 major software updates. As of iOS 4.0, Apple no longer charges for iPod Touch updates.^[7]

Milestones

As of November 18, 2010, iOS 4.2 is the first and only update that has never been released to the general public. However, iOS 4.2 is replaced by 4.2.1 sporting the same features as iOS 4.2, while correcting bugs from 4.2.

On November 22nd, 2010 iOS 4.2.1 (marketed as 4.2) was publicly released to the iPhone (3G, 3GS, 4), iPad, and iPod Touch (2nd Gen or later). As with previous iOS releases, not all devices are compatible of the same features. iOS 4.2, designed for iPad, enabled the iPad to use the key features of iOS 4 (Multitasking, create folders, use Game Center).

Current versions

Current version	Device(s)
3.1.3	iPhone iPod Touch 1st generation
4.2.1	iPhone 3GS and iPhone 4 iPod Touch 2nd, 3rd and 4th generations iPad
4.2.1	Apple TV 2nd generation
4.2.6	CDMA iPhone 4
Future version	Device(s)
4.3	iPhone 3GS, iPhone 4 GSM iPod Touch 3rd and 4th generations iPad and iPad 2
4.3	Apple TV 2nd generation

Version history: iPhone, iPod Touch and iPad

1.x: Initial release of the OS

Version

Build

Baseband

Release date

Features

1.0.0

1A543a

03.11.02_G

June 29, 2007

Initial release on iPhone

1.0.1

1C25

03.12.08_G

July 31, 2007

Safari security update

1.0.2

1C28

03.14.08_G

August 21, 2007

Bug Fix Release

Items deleted on phone no longer sync back to phone
Able to process multi-line addresses in Maps
Custom ringtones no longer lost on restore

1.1

3A100a

Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[8]Yammer yammer yammer.^[8]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ Haslam, Karen. Macworld Expo: Optimised OS X sits on 'versatile' flash, Macworld UK, (2007-01-12). Retrieved on 2007-01-16.
↑ Kharif, Olga. Coming Soon: iPhone Software Updates, BusinessWeek, (2007-07-10). Retrieved on 2007-07-24.
↑ iPhone - Features - OS X - Apple Inc., Archived version from 2007-10-06.
↑ iPhone OS Gets New Name - Macworld
↑ Apple — iPhone — New features in the iPhone 3.0 Software Update.. Apple (Retrieved on 2009-06-04).
↑ Get a sneak peak into the future of iOS 4.. Apple (2010-04-08). Archived from the original on 2010-04-08.
↑ iPhone OS 4.0 (iOS4) update available from June 21 - News. Know Your Mobile. Retrieved on 2010-06-09.

↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[5]Yammer yammer yammer.^[5]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ Apple Releases iPhone 1.1.1 Update. MacRumors. Retrieved on 2008-08-13.
↑ iPod Touch 1.1.1 Update (Screen Fix?). MacRumors. Retrieved on 2008-08-13.
↑ Apple - iPhone - Software Update: September ’07 - Medium. Apple Inc.. Retrieved on 2010-12-17.
↑ Apple - iPhone - January '08 Update

↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[9]Yammer yammer yammer.^[9]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ Apple Introduces the New iPhone 3G. Apple Inc. (2008-06-09). “iPhone 2.0 software will be available on July 11 as a free software update via iTunes 7.7 or later for all iPhone customers”
↑ NEW iPhone firmware seeded - iPhone coming to more countries? - ModMyiFone.com | iPhone forums, iPhone hacks, iPhone unlock^{[DEAD LINK]}
↑ The Second Coming: Ars goes in-depth with the iPhone 3G
↑ Apple — iPhone — Software Update. Retrieved on 2008-07-01.
↑ YouTube - iPhone 2.0 Firmware
↑ iPhone Hacks : Pre-Release iPhone Firmware 2.0 reveals ability to save Images straight from iPhone's Safari browser
↑ iPhone Hacks : Pre-release iPhone firmware 2.0 adds Geo-Tagging to Photos
↑ iOS 2.0 has embedded YouTube support (screenshot)

↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[3]Yammer yammer yammer.^[3]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ Ed Baig. "Apple Tries to de-bug iPhone", USA Today, 2008-08-20.
↑ Apple launches iPhone 2.0.2 update. AppleInsider (2008-08-18).

↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[6]Yammer yammer yammer.^[6]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 ^1.6 ^1.7 Instant Expert: Secrets & Features of iPhone 2.1. iLounge (2008-10-20).
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 "Apple promises fewer dropped calls with iPhone 2.1", MacWorld, 2008-09-10.
↑ CaziSoft - iOS 2.1 Features
↑ Latest iPhone Software supports full-screen Web apps. AppleInsider (2008-10-03). Retrieved on 2010-01-12.
↑ iPod Touch updated--same screen, new case, Nike+ integration. Engadget (2008-09-10).

↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[2]Yammer yammer yammer.^[2]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ CaziSoft - More about iPhone 2.2

↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[7]Yammer yammer yammer.^[7]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 iPhone Software v2.2 Beta 1 Tweaks
↑ iPhone v2.2 beta 2: “Please rate app before deleting”
↑ Mobile Safari Redesign Is Subtle, Logical
↑ iPhone: About using the Emoji keyboard. Macrumors.com (2008-12-13). Retrieved on 2010-01-12.
↑ About the security content of iOS 2.2 and iOS for iPod touch 2.2. Apple Inc. (2008-11-24). Retrieved on 2010-01-12.
↑ No modding needed for VOIP and recording with 1st gen iPod touch. Macitynet.it. Retrieved on 2010-01-12.

↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[3]Yammer yammer yammer.^[3]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ Apple Inc.. iPhone — New features in the iPhone 3.1 Software Update. Apple Inc.. Retrieved on 2010-01-12.
↑ Mixed reaction to iPhone update, BBC News, June 9, 2009.

↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[2]Yammer yammer yammer.^[2]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ Phone 3.0 to offer MobileMe users "Find My iPhone" feature, March 18, 2009

↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[2]Yammer yammer yammer.^[2]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ 2G iPod touch to have Bluetooth capability unlocked by iOS 3.0. Engadget. Retrieved on 2010-01-12.

↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[2]Yammer yammer yammer.^[2]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ Complete List of Features in 3.0. Iphonedownloadblog.com. Retrieved on 2010-01-12.

↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[2]Yammer yammer yammer.^[2]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ Apple 2009 Keynote (JPEG).

↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[3]Yammer yammer yammer.^[3]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ Apple - iPhone - Accessibility
↑ Engadget coverage of the iOS 3.0 Preview event

↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[2]Yammer yammer yammer.^[2]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ Cheng, Jacqui (2009-07-31). iOS 3.0.1 already released, addresses SMS flaw. Arstechnica.com. Retrieved on 2010-01-12.

↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[2]Yammer yammer yammer.^[2]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ About the security content of iOS 3.1 and iOS 3.1.1 for iPod touch. Apple Inc. (2009-09-09). Retrieved on 2010-01-12.

↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[2]Yammer yammer yammer.^[2]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ About the security content of iOS 3.1.3 and iOS 3.1.3 for iPod touch. Apple Inc. (2010-02-02). Retrieved on 2010-02-02.

↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[3]Yammer yammer yammer.^[3]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ "What's New in iOS" Apple. 2010-03-24.
↑ "In April, Apple Ditched Google And Skyhook In Favor Of Its Own Location Databases" TechCrunch.

↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[2]Yammer yammer yammer.^[2]

...

Template:Fake heading

↑ About the security content of the iOS 3.2.2 Update for iPad. Apple Inc. (2010-08-11). Retrieved on 2010-09-02.

↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious

Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{ref\|a\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note\|a}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref Template:Fake heading 1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}}
Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref
Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.
intervening text
Template:NoteText for note a.
Template:NoteText for note b.
Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.

Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text
Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.
Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.
Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.
The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVATemplate:Ref label	Agriculture		IndustryTemplate:Ref label		ServicesTemplate:Ref label
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer. ... Template:Fake heading <references/> ... Template:Fake heading Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

Version history: Apple TV

iOS version	Apple TV software	Build	Template:Nowrap	Features
4.1	4.0	iOS: 8M89	Template:Date	Initial release on second generation Apple TV
4.2	4.1	iOS: 8C150	Template:Date	AirPlay support VoiceOver in menus Bug Fixes
4.2.1	4.2.1	iOS: 8C154	Template:Date	Bug Fix Release Addresses an issue that causes some high-definition TVs to incorrectly display at 480p. Addresses an issue that may cause a movie or TV show to be re-downloaded.^[2]
Future versions
4.3		iOS: GM 1 (8F5148c), GM 2 (8F5153d) , GM 3 (8F5166b)	March 11, 2011	AirPlay video support for third party apps on iDevices

Template:Note Original iPhone

Template:Note iPhone 3G

Template:Note iPhone 3GS

Template:Note iPhone 4

Template:Note iPod Touch (1st generation)

Template:Note iPod Touch (2nd generation)

Template:Note iPod Touch (3rd generation)

Template:Note iPod Touch (4th generation)

Template:Note iPad Wi-Fi

Template:Note iPad Wi-Fi + 3G

Template:Note iPad 2 Wi-Fi

Template:Note iPad 2 Wi-Fi + 3G

Template:Note Apple TV (2nd generation)

References

Template:Reflist Template:IPhone Template:Apple software

[VersatileFlash-1] Haslam, Karen. Macworld Expo: Optimised OS X sits on 'versatile' flash, Macworld UK, (2007-01-12). Retrieved on 2007-01-16.

[2] Kharif, Olga. Coming Soon: iPhone Software Updates, BusinessWeek, (2007-07-10). Retrieved on 2007-07-24.

[3] Phone - Features - OS X - Apple Inc., Archived version from 2007-10-06.

[4] Phone OS Gets New Name - Macworld

[3.0_Release_Date-5] Apple — iPhone — New features in the iPhone 3.0 Software Update.. Apple (Retrieved on 2009-06-04).

[4.0-6] Get a sneak peak into the future of iOS 4.. Apple (2010-04-08). Archived from the original on 2010-04-08.

[7] Phone OS 4.0 (iOS4) update available from June 21 - News. Know Your Mobile. Retrieved on 2010-06-09.

[smith2000-8] 8.0 ^8.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious
Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article Wikitext

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|a|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note|a}}Body of the footnote.

Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref
Template:Fake heading

1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}} Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}
Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}. *Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}} *Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}. * *intervening text * *{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a. *{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b. *{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.

intervening text

Template:NoteText for note a.

Template:NoteText for note b.

Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.
Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.
Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}. * *intervening text * *{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a. *{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b. *{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c. *{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d. *{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e. *{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f. *{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text

Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.

Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.

Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.

Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.

Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.

Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.

Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.

The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".

The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:
To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year Regional GVATemplate:Ref label Agriculture IndustryTemplate:Ref label ServicesTemplate:Ref label

County of Kent (excluding Medway)

1995 12,369 379 3.1% 3,886 31.4% 8,104 65.5%

2000 15,259 259 1.7% 4,601 30.2% 10,399 68.1%

2003 18,126 287 1.6% 5,057 27.9% 12,783 70.5%

Medway

1995 1,823 21 3.1% 560 31.4% 1,243 68.2%

2000 2,348 8 1.7% 745 30.2% 1,595 67.9%

2003 2,671 10 1.6% 802 27.9% 1,859 69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}} </ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/> ... ==References== <References/> ... ==Bibliography== *{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer.
...
Template:Fake heading <references/>
...
Template:Fake heading

Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

See also

Wikipedia:Footnotes — Discussion about this reference method

Wikipedia:Template messages/Sources of articles

Template:Ref — Template for references using this method

Template:Ref label — Same as {{Ref}}, but with more features

Template:Footnote label — Same as, and redirect to, {{Ref label}}, but ignored by bots that convert {{Ref label}} and {{Ref}} to Cite.php references; for use of these templates for informational footnotes as opposed to reference citations

Template:Note — Template for footnotes using this method

Template:Note label — Same as Note, but with more features

Category:Citation templates — More citation templates, some of which are not part of the Ref/Note Label system

[9] Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref

[10] Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.

[11] tervening text

[12] Template:NoteText for note a.

[13] Template:NoteText for note b.

[14] Template:Note

[15] tervening text

[16] Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.

[17] Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.

[18] Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.

[19] Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.

[20] Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.

[21] Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.

[22] Template:Note label

[23] Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.

[24] The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".

[25] The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

[26] Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding

[27] Template:Note label includes energy and construction

[28] Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

[29] Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

[30] Wikipedia:Footnotes — Discussion about this reference method

[31] Wikipedia:Template messages/Sources of articles

[32] Template:Ref — Template for references using this method

[33] Template:Ref label — Same as {{Ref}}, but with more features

[34] Template:Footnote label — Same as, and redirect to, {{Ref label}}, but ignored by bots that convert {{Ref label}} and {{Ref}} to Cite.php references; for use of these templates for informational footnotes as opposed to reference citations

[35] Template:Note — Template for footnotes using this method

[36] Template:Note label — Same as Note, but with more features

[37] Category:Citation templates — More citation templates, some of which are not part of the Ref/Note Label system

[38] Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.

[39] The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".

[40] The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

[41] Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding

[42] Template:Note label includes energy and construction

[43] Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

[smith2000-9] 1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious
Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article Wikitext

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|a|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note|a}}Body of the footnote.

Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref
Template:Fake heading

1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}} Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}
Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}. *Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}} *Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}. * *intervening text * *{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a. *{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b. *{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.

intervening text

Template:NoteText for note a.

Template:NoteText for note b.

Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.
Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.
Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}. * *intervening text * *{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a. *{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b. *{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c. *{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d. *{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e. *{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f. *{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text

Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.

Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.

Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.

Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.

Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.

Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.

Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.

The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".

The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:
To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year Regional GVATemplate:Ref label Agriculture IndustryTemplate:Ref label ServicesTemplate:Ref label

County of Kent (excluding Medway)

1995 12,369 379 3.1% 3,886 31.4% 8,104 65.5%

2000 15,259 259 1.7% 4,601 30.2% 10,399 68.1%

2003 18,126 287 1.6% 5,057 27.9% 12,783 70.5%

Medway

1995 1,823 21 3.1% 560 31.4% 1,243 68.2%

2000 2,348 8 1.7% 745 30.2% 1,595 67.9%

2003 2,671 10 1.6% 802 27.9% 1,859 69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}} </ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/> ... ==References== <References/> ... ==Bibliography== *{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer.
...
Template:Fake heading <references/>
...
Template:Fake heading

Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

See also

Wikipedia:Footnotes — Discussion about this reference method

Wikipedia:Template messages/Sources of articles

Template:Ref — Template for references using this method

Template:Ref label — Same as {{Ref}}, but with more features

Template:Footnote label — Same as, and redirect to, {{Ref label}}, but ignored by bots that convert {{Ref label}} and {{Ref}} to Cite.php references; for use of these templates for informational footnotes as opposed to reference citations

Template:Note — Template for footnotes using this method

Template:Note label — Same as Note, but with more features

Category:Citation templates — More citation templates, some of which are not part of the Ref/Note Label system

[45] Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref

[46] Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.

[47] tervening text

[48] Template:NoteText for note a.

[49] Template:NoteText for note b.

[50] Template:Note

[51] tervening text

[52] Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.

[53] Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.

[54] Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.

[55] Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.

[56] Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.

[57] Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.

[58] Template:Note label

[59] Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.

[60] The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".

[61] The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

[62] Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding

[63] Template:Note label includes energy and construction

[64] Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

[65] Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

[66] Wikipedia:Footnotes — Discussion about this reference method

[67] Wikipedia:Template messages/Sources of articles

[68] Template:Ref — Template for references using this method

[69] Template:Ref label — Same as {{Ref}}, but with more features

[70] Template:Footnote label — Same as, and redirect to, {{Ref label}}, but ignored by bots that convert {{Ref label}} and {{Ref}} to Cite.php references; for use of these templates for informational footnotes as opposed to reference citations

[71] Template:Note — Template for footnotes using this method

[72] Template:Note label — Same as Note, but with more features

[73] Category:Citation templates — More citation templates, some of which are not part of the Ref/Note Label system

[74] Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.

[75] The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".

[76] The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

[77] Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding

[78] Template:Note label includes energy and construction

[79] Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

[smith2000-10] 1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious
Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article Wikitext

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|a|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note|a}}Body of the footnote.

Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref
Template:Fake heading

1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}} Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}
Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}. *Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}} *Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}. * *intervening text * *{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a. *{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b. *{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.

intervening text

Template:NoteText for note a.

Template:NoteText for note b.

Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.
Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.
Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}. * *intervening text * *{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a. *{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b. *{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c. *{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d. *{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e. *{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f. *{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text

Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.

Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.

Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.

Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.

Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.

Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.

Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.

The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".

The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:
To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year Regional GVATemplate:Ref label Agriculture IndustryTemplate:Ref label ServicesTemplate:Ref label

County of Kent (excluding Medway)

1995 12,369 379 3.1% 3,886 31.4% 8,104 65.5%

2000 15,259 259 1.7% 4,601 30.2% 10,399 68.1%

2003 18,126 287 1.6% 5,057 27.9% 12,783 70.5%

Medway

1995 1,823 21 3.1% 560 31.4% 1,243 68.2%

2000 2,348 8 1.7% 745 30.2% 1,595 67.9%

2003 2,671 10 1.6% 802 27.9% 1,859 69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}} </ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/> ... ==References== <References/> ... ==Bibliography== *{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer.
...
Template:Fake heading <references/>
...
Template:Fake heading

Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

See also

Wikipedia:Footnotes — Discussion about this reference method

Wikipedia:Template messages/Sources of articles

Template:Ref — Template for references using this method

Template:Ref label — Same as {{Ref}}, but with more features

Template:Footnote label — Same as, and redirect to, {{Ref label}}, but ignored by bots that convert {{Ref label}} and {{Ref}} to Cite.php references; for use of these templates for informational footnotes as opposed to reference citations

Template:Note — Template for footnotes using this method

Template:Note label — Same as Note, but with more features

Category:Citation templates — More citation templates, some of which are not part of the Ref/Note Label system

[81] Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref

[82] Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.

[83] tervening text

[84] Template:NoteText for note a.

[85] Template:NoteText for note b.

[86] Template:Note

[87] tervening text

[88] Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.

[89] Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.

[90] Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.

[91] Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.

[92] Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.

[93] Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.

[94] Template:Note label

[95] Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.

[96] The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".

[97] The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

[98] Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding

[99] Template:Note label includes energy and construction

[100] Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

[101] Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

[102] Wikipedia:Footnotes — Discussion about this reference method

[103] Wikipedia:Template messages/Sources of articles

[104] Template:Ref — Template for references using this method

[105] Template:Ref label — Same as {{Ref}}, but with more features

[106] Template:Footnote label — Same as, and redirect to, {{Ref label}}, but ignored by bots that convert {{Ref label}} and {{Ref}} to Cite.php references; for use of these templates for informational footnotes as opposed to reference citations

[107] Template:Note — Template for footnotes using this method

[108] Template:Note label — Same as Note, but with more features

[109] Category:Citation templates — More citation templates, some of which are not part of the Ref/Note Label system

[110] Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.

[111] The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".

[112] The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

[113] Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding

[114] Template:Note label includes energy and construction

[115] Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

[smith2000-11] 1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering. Template:Missing information non-contentious
Ref-family templates

The {{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

Article Wikitext

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|a|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note|a}}Body of the footnote.

Text that requires a footnote.Template loop detected: Template:Ref
Template:Fake heading

1.Template:NoteBody of the footnote.

The first parameter of Template:Tlx is the label that has to be used for the parameter of the corresponding Template:Tlx. The second parameter is the marker of the resulting link as it will be shown on the page, as a superscript. The easiest choice is to make these two the same, but this is not a requirement.

Labels must be unique

A common error when using {{ref}} is to use it multiple times with the same label. For example:

Text that requires a footnote.{{ref|1|1}} Some other text that requires the same footnote.{{ref|1|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{note|1}}Body of the footnote.

This generates two citations with the same label, which is invalid HTML. To fix the problem, use multiple unique IDs; see More complex examples.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and {{note}}
Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}. *Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}} *Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}. * *intervening text * *{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a. *{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b. *{{note|reference_name_C|c|Text for note c (with extended highlighting).}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref more text Template loop detected: Template:Ref.

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref

Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.

intervening text

Template:NoteText for note a.

Template:NoteText for note b.

Template:Note

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work by clicking the backlink for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters, and navigation back to the associated ref is done by using the browser's "Back" button.
Also notice that browsers which support highlighting of link-accessed material highlight the active backlink by default, and that the highlighting has been extended to encompass the text for note c by specifying that text as a final template parameter instead of placing it outside of the template.

More complex examples

{{ref label}} pairs with {{note label}}. The {{note label}} template will normally have identical parameters with the ref label with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and {{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.
Example:

Article text{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref label|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}. * *intervening text * *{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a. *{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b. *{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c. *{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d. *{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e. *{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f. *{{note label|reference_name_G|g||{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8|Text of note for refs g and h (with extended highlighting).}}}}

This would produce:

Article textTemplate:Ref label more textTemplate:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label more text Template:Ref label.

intervening text

Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.

Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.

Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.

Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.

Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.

Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.

Template:Note label

Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.

The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".

The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Notice that, because the notes for refs g and h above use the same text, note h was made a part of the text passed as a final parameter to note g in order for the extended highlighting to cover both notes.

Table footnotes

One common application for {{ref}} and {{note}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:
To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year Regional GVATemplate:Ref label Agriculture IndustryTemplate:Ref label ServicesTemplate:Ref label

County of Kent (excluding Medway)

1995 12,369 379 3.1% 3,886 31.4% 8,104 65.5%

2000 15,259 259 1.7% 4,601 30.2% 10,399 68.1%

2003 18,126 287 1.6% 5,057 27.9% 12,783 70.5%

Medway

1995 1,823 21 3.1% 560 31.4% 1,243 68.2%

2000 2,348 8 1.7% 745 30.2% 1,595 67.9%

2003 2,671 10 1.6% 802 27.9% 1,859 69.6%

Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Template:Note label includes energy and construction
Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}} </ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/> ... ==References== <References/> ... ==Bibliography== *{{note|Smith2000}} Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.Yammer yammer yammer.
...
Template:Fake heading <references/>
...
Template:Fake heading

Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.

See also

Wikipedia:Footnotes — Discussion about this reference method

Wikipedia:Template messages/Sources of articles

Template:Ref — Template for references using this method

Template:Ref label — Same as {{Ref}}, but with more features

Template:Footnote label — Same as, and redirect to, {{Ref label}}, but ignored by bots that convert {{Ref label}} and {{Ref}} to Cite.php references; for use of these templates for informational footnotes as opposed to reference citations

Template:Note — Template for footnotes using this method

Template:Note label — Same as Note, but with more features

Category:Citation templates — More citation templates, some of which are not part of the Ref/Note Label system

[117] Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref

[118] Bulleted textTemplate loop detected: Template:Ref.

[119] tervening text

[120] Template:NoteText for note a.

[121] Template:NoteText for note b.

[122] Template:Note

[123] tervening text

[124] Template:Note labelText of note for ref a.

[125] Template:Note labelText of note for ref b.

[126] Template:Note labelText of note for ref c.

[127] Template:Note labelText of note for ref d.

[128] Template:Note labelText of note for ref e.

[129] Template:Note labelText of note for ref f.

[130] Template:Note label

[131] Note that {{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.

[132] The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".

[133] The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

[134] Template:Note label Components may not sum to totals due to rounding

[135] Template:Note label includes energy and construction

[136] Template:Note label includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

[137] Template:Note Smith (2000). "A book about yammering".

[138] Wikipedia:Footnotes — Discussion about this reference method

[139] Wikipedia:Template messages/Sources of articles

[140] Template:Ref — Template for references using this method

[141] Template:Ref label — Same as {{Ref}}, but with more features

[142] Template:Footnote label — Same as, and redirect to, {{Ref label}}, but ignored by bots that convert {{Ref label}} and {{Ref}} to Cite.php references; for use of these templates for informational footnotes as opposed to reference citations

[143] Template:Note — Template for footnotes using this method

[144] Template:Note label — Same as Note, but with more features

[145] Category:Citation templates — More citation templates, some of which are not part of the Ref/Note Label system

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Contents

Overview

Milestones

Current versions

Version history: iPhone, iPod Touch and iPad

1.x: Initial release of the OS

1.0.0

1.0.1

1.0.2

1.1

Ref-family templates

Very simple example

Labels must be unique

Simple examples

More complex examples

Table footnotes

Alternative referencing style

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

Ref-family templates

Very simple example

Labels must be unique

Simple examples

More complex examples

Table footnotes

Alternative referencing style

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

Third party tool

See also

Third party tool

See also

Ref-family templates

Very simple example

Labels must be unique

Simple examples

More complex examples

Table footnotes

Alternative referencing style

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

Ref-family templates

Very simple example

Labels must be unique

Simple examples

More complex examples

Table footnotes

Alternative referencing style

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

Third party tool

See also

Third party tool

See also

Ref-family templates

Very simple example

Labels must be unique

Simple examples

More complex examples

Table footnotes

Alternative referencing style

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

Ref-family templates

Very simple example

Labels must be unique

Simple examples

More complex examples

Table footnotes

Alternative referencing style

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

Third party tool

See also

Third party tool

See also

1.1.1

Ref-family templates

Very simple example

Labels must be unique

Simple examples

More complex examples

Table footnotes

Alternative referencing style

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

Ref-family templates